By Candy Margaret Vizengwa
Industrialization has undeniably driven Kenya’s economic growth, creating jobs and fostering development. However, it has also introduced an insidious threat: Toxic Industrial Chemicals (TICs). Despite existing regulations, harmful chemicals continue to circulate in the Kenyan market, often unnoticed by consumers.
It’s a startling reality—the same chemicals that enhance product flexibility, efficiency, and durability can also pose serious health risks. TICs range from heavy metals like mercury, cadmium, and lead to Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) found in plastics. These hazardous substances infiltrate various industries, from small-scale gold mining to the production of everyday consumer goods such as toys, cosmetics, jewelry, and paints.
The Hidden Dangers of Plastics
Plastics contain hazardous additives such as phthalates, short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs), and heavy metals. These chemicals, intentionally added during manufacturing to enhance flexibility and durability, pose significant risks to human health and the environment. When plastics are recycled or disposed of improperly, these toxic additives leach into the environment, exposing people to substances linked to cancer, developmental delays, and organ toxicity.
A recent study by the Center for Environment Justice and Development (CEJAD) further highlights the dangers of PVC (polyvinyl chloride) toys. Popular children’s products, such as bath and teething toys, contain harmful chemicals that children ingest through frequent hand-to-mouth behavior.
One alarming finding from CEJAD’s research is that the Spiderman suit was identified as the most toxic toy, containing extremely high levels of hazardous substances.
Cadmium: The Silent Threat in Jewelry and Batteries
Cadmium, a lesser-known but highly toxic heavy metal, is commonly found in cheap jewelry, batteries, and some children’s toys. Over time, it accumulates in the body, leading to kidney damage and an increased risk of cancer. The most dangerous forms of cadmium exposure come from brightly colored, low-cost metal accessories. Consumers should look for products labeled “cadmium-free” to reduce exposure.
Mercury: A Toxic Legacy in Gold Mining and Household Products
Mercury remains one of the most widely used TICs in Kenya, particularly in the Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining (ASGM) sector. Despite its dangers, mercury trade and supply continue in ASGM hotspots.
In the amalgamation process, miners mix mercury with crushed gold ore to form an amalgam. This mixture is then squeezed to remove excess mercury before being heated to extract pure gold. Unfortunately, this process releases toxic mercury fumes into the air, endangering both miners and surrounding communities.
According to joint research by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Health Organization (WHO), short-term exposure to mercury vapors can lead to lung damage, vomiting, diarrhea, high blood pressure, and eye irritation. The nervous system, kidneys, cardiovascular system, and even unborn children are particularly vulnerable.
Hair sample studies conducted by CEJAD in Migori County reveal alarming levels of mercury exposure among women of childbearing age. Since mercury accumulates in the body, it can be detected in hair for up to 6 to 12 months, indicating long-term exposure.
Beyond mining, mercury is present in fluorescent lamps, electrical relays, batteries, dental amalgams, and even cosmetics—particularly skin-lightening creams. This widespread use proves that mercury exposure is not limited to miners alone.
Lead: The Persistent Poison
Lead, a neurotoxin that is dangerous even in small doses, continues to be widely used in paints, batteries, and old plumbing systems. It is particularly harmful to children, impairing brain development and nervous system function.
Lead-based pigments, once praised for their durability and color vibrancy, remain in circulation despite global bans. The energy sector still relies on lead-acid batteries, while electronics, ammunition, and radiation shielding continue to use lead-based materials. Unlike other pollutants, lead does not break down—instead, it accumulates in soil, water, and the human body, leaving a toxic legacy that persists long after its industrial use.
The Hidden Risks of Common Household Chemicals
Many toxic substances lurk under unfamiliar names on product labels, making it crucial for consumers to stay informed.
Formaldehyde (sometimes labeled as formalin or methanal) is found in furniture, carpets, and cosmetics. When inhaled, it can cause respiratory issues and increase cancer risk.
Arsenic, often found in contaminated water and pesticides, enters the body through drinking water and food. It silently damages organs without immediate symptoms.
A Call to Action: Stricter Regulations and Public Awareness
These hazardous chemicals don’t simply disappear when products are discarded—they persist in the environment, affecting human health for generations. Civil society organizations such as CEJAD and the International Pollutants Elimination Network (IPEN) have been at the forefront of research, advocacy, and policy recommendations to mitigate these risks.
A significant recent step was taken by the National Environment Management Authority (NEMA), which issued a public notice on February 13th, directing companies to register all toxic industrial chemicals in their possession. This initiative aims to foster accountability and safer handling of these substances.
However, addressing the pervasive threat of chemical exposure requires more than just regulations—it demands:
✔ Robust enforcement of existing laws
✔ Greater public awareness on chemical safety
✔ Adoption of safer alternatives in manufacturing and consumer products
With the right policies, collective action, and increased public consciousness, Kenya can take meaningful steps toward a healthier and more sustainable future. The question is not whether we can afford to act—but whether we can afford not to.
Candy Margaret Vizengwa is a Communications Personnel at the Center for Environment Justice and Development (CEJAD)
